Computer Literacy

I've found much of what makes computers possible isn't appreciated or understood by the general public. I'm going to help you understand some basic elements and terms of modern computers that are necessary in daily life.

Interface

Pixel: A tiny square on your display that only shows one color at a time.
Resolution: The amount of pixels something is. A general computer monitor is around 1920x1080 pixels, the more pixels the clearer your picture will be. Popular resolutions include, in order of largeness: 480p, 720p, 1080p, and 4K. There are resolutions different from these as well.
Bitmap: An image created out of specific pixel placement. A bitmap will look blurry if it is stretched out at a larger size than it was created.
Vector: An image created out of equations. These are generally simple and flat, used namely for icons. No matter what size they are stretched, they will always display as clearly as the resolution of the display allows.

Software

Operating System/OS: The underlying software that your computer runs. Desktop OS's include Windows, OS X, and Linux. Mobile OS's include Android, iOS, and Windows Phone.

Kernel: The software that allows the OS to communicate with the hardware. Decides sensitivity of touch input, how much power should be used for different tasks, etc.

Program: Coded object on a computer meant to preform a specific function.

Browser: A program that renders websites.

Hardware

Motherboard: Allows communication from all the different parts of the computer.

CPU/Processor: Preforms arithmetic functions.

GPU/Graphics card: Renders graphical interfaces.

RAM/Memory: Temporary memory of the computer. Holds things short term.

HDD/Hard drive: Stores large amounts of data for indefinite amounts of time. Uses moving parts, so it may be slower.

SSD/Solid state drive: Similar to HDD, but much faster. SSD's have no moving parts and are usually much more expensive.

Image source: American Museum of Science and Energy Oak Ridge Tennessee